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Pipturus kauaiensis

A.Heller (1897)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Urticaceae Genus: Pipturus

māmake [mamake], māmaki [mamaki]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall; branches slender, with brown bark, puberulent with fine, appressed, white hairs, glabrate with age.

Stems: Watery sap.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades ovate to broadly lanceolate, deeply 2–lobed, 6–18.5 cm long, 2–6.5 cm wide. Apex long-acuminate, usually slightly oblique. Base rounded to cuneate. Surfaces finely strigillose with white hairs, glabrate with age, veins moderately strigillose, areoles densely pure white woolly pubescent, completely obscuring surface, petioles strigillose, white strigillose toward base of lobe; thin, chartaceous; upper surfaces dark green, nearly smooth, cystoliths small and inconspicuous; lower surfaces pure white and usually appearing strongly glaucous, very conspicuous in contrast to white areoles, caducous. Margins regularly coarsely serrate. Veins slightly raised. Petioles (1–)1.5–4.5(–6.5) cm long. Stipules chartaceous, ca. 6.5 mm long, ca. 5.5 mm wide.

Flowers: Flowers in clusters ca. 3–4 mm in diameter, usually dimorphic in size, pistillate clusters larger. Plants gynodioecious, puberulent, unisexual. Calyx of staminate flowers 2–2.4 mm long, pistillate Calyx ca. 1 mm long enlarging to 1.4–1.5 mm long in fruit, hirsute. Corolla (petals) absent. Staminate flower filaments incurved in bud, elastically reflexed when pollen is shed; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior (pistillate flowers), psuedomonomerous, 1-celled; ovule 1, basal; style 1; Staminate flower ovary vestigial and sterile.

Fruit: Achenes pale brown or gray; ovoid; 0.9–1 mm long; constricted below. Seeds 1 per achene.

Ploidy: 2n = 28*

Habitat: Occurring in mesic valleys and diverse mesic forest.

Elevation Range: 60–1,280 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • 60-1280 m
  • Description digitized by Olivia Kraus
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii

Bibliography

Name Published In: Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 815 (1897)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1309 (K)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros lowland wet forest and shrubland surrounded by ca. 1000 m cliffs w/ Psychotria mariniana, P. hexandra, Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, P. ruber, Urera glabra, Kadua centranthoides, Touchardia latifolia, Dianella sandwicensis, Polyscias o Preserved_Specimen Shrub or small tree, 1.5 m tall, many-branched, spreading, stems yellow-brown, no flower or fruit, occasional, unusual form. Wood, K.R. 18637 Kauai BISH 2021-01-28
2 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in mesophytic `Ohia forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree 4 m; dbh 1; lvs alternate, ovate, three-veined, white-wooly below, hirsute above, acuminate at tip. Veins and stems not red. Spence, G. 194 Kauai BISH 1973-07-25
3 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. Kauai BISH 1930-02-14
4 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17261 Kauai BISH 1920-01-01
5 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2428 Kauai BISH 1895-06-24
6 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5003 Kauai BISH 1983-08-27
7 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 668 Kauai BISH 1916-10-22
8 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2428 Kauai BISH 1895-06-24
9 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. Kauai BISH 1930-02-25
10 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 509 Kauai BISH 1909-12-01
11 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3032 Kauai BISH 1938-08-20
12 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 22918 Kauai BISH 1952-01-16
13 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 640 Kauai BISH 1916-10-21
14 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 558 Kauai BISH 1916-10-10
15 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 22 Kauai BISH 1909-07-09
16 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. Kauai BISH 1930-01-21
17 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Steep, wet slope in Aleurites forest. Preserved_Specimen 12 ft. tree; leaves dark green above, white below. St.John, H. 13520 Kauai BISH 1933-12-23
18 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 912 Kauai BISH 1953-08-12
19 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. Kauai BISH 1930-02-25
20 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist draw on steep slope. Preserved_Specimen 15 ft. tree, staminate flws and fruits on same plant. St.John, H. 13894 Kauai BISH 1933-12-30
21 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet, steep slope. Preserved_Specimen 10 ft. tree, lvs dark green above, white beneath. St.John, H. 13518 Kauai BISH 1933-12-23
22 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist forest. Preserved_Specimen 12 ft. tree, drooping lvs white beneath, green above. St.John, H. 13666 Kauai BISH 1933-12-25
23 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In system of old terraces-pocket terrace. Wet, shady side gulch. Preserved_Specimen Tree 2-3 m. tall; flower light purple-red. Earle, E. 46 Kauai BISH 1972-09-10
24 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Associated with Eugenia sp. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 4 m. high; adaxial lf surface shiny, veins brownish-red. Nicharat, S. 126 Kauai BISH 1964-12-28
25 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Steep, wet slope in Aleurites forest. Preserved_Specimen 10 ft. tree, leaves dark green above, white below. St.John, H. 13517 Kauai BISH 1933-12-23
26 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details By stream in moist woods. Preserved_Specimen 15 ft. shrub, lvs above plane, smooth, dark green, beneath white with green veins. St.John, H. 13970 Kauai BISH 1934-01-01
27 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Deep valley surrounded by steep cliffs ca. 1000 m. high laced with waterfalls; low primary vegetation of small, stunted trees 1-2 m. tall, numerous pteridophytes, and Gunnera over saturated, rocky ground. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1.5 m., ovary greenish, lvs whitish beneath. Localized population. Lorence, D.H. 5328 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
28 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Associated with Eugenia sp. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 4 m. high; adaxial lf surface shiny, veins brownish-red. Nicharat, S. 124 Kauai BISH 1964-12-28
29 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In sunny wet gulch. Preserved_Specimen 8 ft. twiggy shrub or tree. Degener, O. 21710 Kauai BISH 1952-01-17
30 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In wet forest near a stream. Preserved_Specimen A shrub. Stone, B.C. 1488 Kauai BISH 1956-12-26
31 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Cultivated, from seeed collected in Upper Limahuli Preserve Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1 m, stems and petioles red-green, leaves white beneath, midrib red above. Inflorescence red-green in bud Lorence, D.H. 10368 Kauai BISH 2012-11-21
32 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Sunny woods Preserved_Specimen Riles red, not green Degener, O. 27318 Kauai BISH 1961-03-12
33 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In moist area below cliff face. Locally common. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2868 Kauai BISH 1973-01-21
34 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shrubby forehill. Preserved_Specimen (Leaves thin; veins & twigs red.) Degener, O. 17635 Kauai BISH 1939-12-23
35 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On moist slope in valley with small stream on north-facing slope with Pandanus forest. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1.5 m. tall, staminate flws pinkish white, lvs white beneath. Lorence, D.H. 5786 Kauai BISH 1988-02-12
36 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mesic, summer-dry forest. Associated with Metrosideros, Hillebrandia, Myrsine. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 8' tall. Gustafson, R. 2441 Kauai BISH 1981-07-25
37 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along shaded rivulet. Preserved_Specimen Small shrub, 4 ft. high. Degener, O. 23889 Kauai BISH 1955-09-12
38 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details With Pandanus, Cordyline, Aleurites, etc. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 ft. tall, bark dark rusty-red; lvs white below, dark green above; stigmas white. Henrickson, J.S. 3977 Kauai BISH 1969-07-01
39 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist lower forest, steep slope. Preserved_Specimen 15 ft. tree, lvs above dark green, plane smooth, beneath white, with green veins. St.John, H. 13911 Kauai BISH 1934-01-01
40 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details With Pandanus, Cordyline, Aleurites, etc. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 ft. tall, bark dark rusty-red; lvs white below, dark green above; stigmas white. Henrickson, J.S. 3977 Kauai BISH 1969-07-30
41 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Deep valley surrounded by steep cliffs ca. 1000 m. high laced with waterfalls; low primary vegetation of small, stunted trees 1-2 m. tall, numerous pteridophytes, and Gunnera over saturated, rocky ground. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1.5 m., stems and petioles reddish, pistillate flowers reddish. Common locally. Lorence, D.H. 5341 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
42 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details With Wilkesia, Psychotria, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Euphorbia, Pipturus, Acacia. Preserved_Specimen Leaves raspy, light green on top, whitish-green below. Flw green with pink stamens. Stems red. Wood, K.R. 221 Kauai BISH 1989-08-09
43 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In non-flowing rocky stream bed.Metrosideros Lowland Wet Forest and Shrubland Antidesma, Broussaisia, Kadua, Machaerina, Freycinetia, Coprosma granadensis, Scaevola, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia, Sadleria, Syzygium, Cyanea, Dubautia, Gunnera, Christella, Cyrtandra Preserved_Specimen Smooth red dark brown. Arching branches with procumbent branchlets. Young stems glaucous. Underside of leaf glaucous. Reticulate venation. Fruit white opaque on stem with embedded tan seeds. Tangalin, N. 2987 Kauai BISH 2012-02-15
44 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist shaded gulch. Preserved_Specimen 5 m. shrub. St.John, H. 24937 Kauai BISH 1952-12-31
45 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along small stream. Preserved_Specimen Spreading tree, 4 m. tall. MacDaniels, L.H. 851 Kauai BISH 1927-02-22
46 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Almost undisturbed low elevation rainforest; in drainage bottom. Predominantly Metrosideros, Antidesma, Cibotium, and Dicranopteris. Preserved_Specimen Small shrub, leaves dark, dull green above, below white with green veination. Flynn, T.W. 2643 Kauai BISH 1987-12-10
47 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Below ledges. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20575 Kauai BISH 1950-02-04
48 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Associated with Aleurites moluccana. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 4 m. high; adaxial lf surface shiny, veins brownish-red. Nicharat, S. 127 Kauai BISH 1964-12-28
49 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist forest. Preserved_Specimen Bush 10 ft. tree, lvs white veinous, green above. St.John, H. 13657 Kauai BISH 1933-12-25
50 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Edge of lower forest. Preserved_Specimen (Conspicuous with old twigs bearing remains of fruit cushions; veins greenish.) Degener, O. 17639 Kauai BISH 1939-12-23
51 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dry forest area; associated with Neraudia, Charpentiera, Aleurites moluccana, Pelea glabra, Boehmeria grandis, Oplismenus. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6 ft. tall. Gustafson, R. 1759 Kauai BISH 1980-05-25
52 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Near Streambed. Preserved_Specimen Sterile shrub, leaves white underside. Corn, C. 185 Kauai BISH 1980-04-10
53 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In sunny wet gulch. Preserved_Specimen 8 ft. twiggy shrub or tree. Degener, O. 21710 Kauai BISH 1952-01-17
54 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist, shaded gulch. Preserved_Specimen Lvs above light green, below white with reddish veins. St.John, H. 23003 Kauai BISH 1947-12-24
55 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Stream bed in moist woods. Preserved_Specimen 10 ft. shrub, lvs above dark green, plane, smooth, below white, with green veins. St.John, H. 13950 Kauai BISH 1934-01-01
56 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Pandanus forest. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10912 Kauai BISH 1930-12-31
57 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist lower forest, bottom of small draw. Preserved_Specimen 15 ft. tree, lvs above dark green, plane smooth, beneath white, with green veins. St.John, H. 13913 Kauai BISH 1934-01-01
58 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In shady, rocky gully which is a streambed during period of rain. With Urera sandwicensis, Hedyotis acuminata, Pisonia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra, Cordyline terminalis. In shade of grove of Aleurites moluccana trees. Preserved_Specimen Small shrubs to 6 ft. Carlquist, S. 1653 Kauai BISH 1964-12-05
59 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros lowland wet forest and shrubland surrounded by ca. 1000 meter cliffs with Psychotria mariniana, P. hexandra, Antidesma platyphyllum var hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, P. ruber, P. kauaiensis, Urera glabra, Kadua centranthoides, Touchardia latifolia, Dianella sandwicens Preserved_Specimen Tree, 3 meters tall, with fruit white, stems brown or brown-orange, occasional Wood, K.R. 18828 Kauai BISH 2021-09-29
60 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In wet forest near a stream. Preserved_Specimen A shrub. Stone, B.C. 1487 Kauai BISH 1956-12-26
61 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Damp, sunny embankment. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 2051 Kauai BISH 1922-09-09
62 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details occasionally found growing along the Hanakapiai Falls trail, Na Pali Coast. Preserved_Specimen An upright sprawling shrub of 5', Clarke, G. 334 Kauai BISH 1980-04-11
63 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 23853 Kauai BISH 1955-10-07
64 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shrubby-arboreous in stunted wind-swept vegetation. Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1646 Kauai BISH 1956-12-31
65 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen (see sheet) Forbes, C.N. 101 Kauai BISH 1909-07-31
66 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Found growing along the trail. Preserved_Specimen An upright sprawling shrub, about 6' tall. Clarke, G. 335 Kauai BISH 1980-04-11
67 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Lower woods, by stream. Preserved_Specimen 2 m. shrub, lvs chartaceous, above dark green, below white. St.John, H. 23173 Kauai BISH 1948-01-01
68 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Associated with Eugenia sp. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 4 m. high; adaxial lf surface shiny, veins brownish-red. Nicharat, S. 125 Kauai BISH 1964-12-28
69 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Stream bank in narrow gorge. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10872 Kauai BISH 1930-12-30
70 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 2 in. diam.; flower white. Stern, W.L. 1339 Kauai BISH 1961-08-01
71 Pipturus kauaiensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2428 Kauai BISH 1895-06-24
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